Exact(4)
To talk about porn purely in terms of costs and incentives is not, as Tarrant suggests, neutral.
A referencing of greater pricing activity for the industry and increased second half investment needs for the group suggests neutral forecast bias at best.
A Ka/Ks ratio < 1 indicates purifying selection, Ka/Ks = 1 suggests neutral evolution, and Ka/Ks > 1 indicates positive selection.
A dN/dS ratio value less than 1 suggests negative or purifying selection, a ratio equal to 1 suggests neutral evolution, and a ratio greater than 1 suggests positive or diversifying selection [ 25].
Similar(56)
Nakatani and Scholz (2004a) suggested neutral or negative a-b for the frictional law of quartz gouges that were healed under hydrothermal conditions (P c = 60 MPa, T < 200°C).
Previous investigations of timber management effects on capercaillie have shown contradictory results within Europe; habitat loss and fragmentation due to intensive forest management have been implicated in population declines, while other studies have suggested neutral or positive effects.
In particular, almost all of the points (131 of 136 pairwise comparisons) in the Figure 2 lie near the diagonal that indicates dN = dS (p>0.05, Z-test), strongly suggesting neutral evolution.
First, as Maynard Smith and Haigh [11] first suggested, neutral diversity might be held in check by the effects of adaptive substitutions, which purge diversity as they sweep through the population.
Members with dN/dS = 1 suggest neutral selection where no clear selective pressure can be determined and dN/dS > 1 indicate members undergoing repeated positive selection that influence specific codon alterations [ 48, 52].
The ratio of Ka/ Ks is usually used to characterize selective evolution of sequences: Ka/ Ks ratios of less than 0.25 indicate purifying selection, values of 1 suggest neutral evolution, and values greater than 1 indicate positive selection [ 24].
Genome-wide analyses suggest overall reduced purifying selection on gene copy number in Drosophila melanogaster [Dopman and Hartl, 2007; Emerson et al., 2008], and in humans [Nguyen et al., 2008], yet analyses of individual CNVs have suggested neutral evolution, for example, at those containing chemosensory genes [Nozawa et al., 2007; Young et al., 2008].
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