An optical intrinsic signal imaging study in monkeys also reported activity in the ipsilateral SI area, and suggested top-down inputs from the higher-level processing areas such as the SII (Tommerdahl et al. 2006).
Here we test the hypothesis that FEF-EM-induced modulations of fMRI activity are also function of task demands, which would suggest top-down dependent gating of FEF signals in early visual cortex.
Fish reduction effects on annelids did not suggest top-down regulation in any habitat; however, fish reduction may have stimulated an increased predation rate on annelids by grass shrimp.
A reciprocal modulatory effect from the left inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47) to the left posterior middle temporal gyrus (BA 21) was shown by using dynamic causal modeling (DCM), suggesting top-down influences of the frontal cortex on the retrieval of semantic representations.
On the one hand, risk assessment dominantly produced neocortical fronto-thalamic source activations in PG as compared to OG, suggesting top-down processing in risky situations in PG.
Gu and Han [ 38] noted increased functional connectivity between the ACC and inferior frontal cortex during painful images and corresponding decreased emotional reactivity, suggesting top-down regulation of ACC activity through the frontal regions, similar to self-pain processing.
Yet, as data from aquatic systems proliferated, skeptics suggested that top-down forces might be "all wet" — limited to marine or freshwater systems, with a dearth of evidence for cascades in terrestrial systems.
Because the traditional kindling-at-the-bottom approach typically leads to smoldering, Mr. Gulland suggested a top-down fire design, with heavier pieces at the bottom and kindling at the top.
Kedrosky said that some have suggested a top-down approach to recruitment that would involve creating quotas.
This model has suggested that top-down causal streams along the DAN may also be configured, even during resting and other less-attentive states.
