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The correct identification of the majority of functions found to be affected in previous research regarding TcdA and TcdB confirmed our analysis and experimental design, and experiments reported herein validated changes in cell function that were suggested by altered gene expression.
Therefore, a new function of AQP4 is probably related to its action on intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, as also suggested by altered spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations observed in ANSCs from AQP4−/− mice [20], and more recently, in astrocytic Ca2+ signaling events elicited by cerebral edema [31].
Furthermore, an interaction between these proteins was suggested by altered aPKC expression in OHCs of the mutant mice.
Alterations of the intracellular trafficking is also suggested by altered transcription profiles of genes such as signal peptidase (MAL13P1.167) as well as transporters, including organellar importers (see below).
The functional changes suggested by altered gene and protein expression were then investigated by quantifying the proportion of cells in each phase of the cell cycle before and after toxin treatment.
Defects in vti13 cell wall organization are likely to contribute to its root hair growth phenotype, as suggested by altered LM15 cell wall epitope labelling in vti13 root hairs compared with the labelling pattern in wild-type root hairs.
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Efforts were made to encourage critical thinking, and students were challenged directly to compare preconceptions associated with creationism (though without explicitly referring to such alternative conceptions as creationist or religiously based ideas) with explanations that are more consistent with scientific evidence, as suggested by Alters and Nelson ([2002]) and by Nelson ([2007]).
Active pH regulation in the inner ear is suggested by studies showing altered pH of endolymph and the endolymphatic sac following treatment with carbonic anhydrase or H+-ATPase inhibitors (Couloigner et al., 2000; Sterkers et al., 1984).
The concept of the mucus layer functioning as a dynamic defensive barrier is suggested by studies showing altered mucus-layer in germ-free animals [ 25, 26] and for consistent evidence of enhanced mucus secretion in response to intestinal microbes [ 27].
We know that staff are very busy and suggest how, by altering their approach, they can involve residents.
These findings, along with ours, suggest that, by altering cytokine balance and therefore trophoblast differentiation, p-NP exposure in early gestation may contribute to faulty placentation, leading to pregnancy disorders and fetal growth retardation (Allaire et al. 2000; Crocker at al. 2004).
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