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In addition, evidence from the infinite allele model suggested bottlenecks within the Perak population while the stepwise mutation model supported that bottlenecks are also present within the Endau-Rompin, Batang Ai, and Ulu Limbang populations.
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Recent work suggests bottlenecks may be a more appropriate level of analysis than homophily [ 20].
This aphid was introduced to North America from Europe in the late 1800s [ 61], but native and introduced populations exhibit similar patterns of linkage disequilibrium, nucleotide diversity and symbiont diversity; together suggesting bottleneck effects have not limited diversity relative to source populations [ 62- 64].
Some researchers proposed that the lack of variation in our maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA suggested these bottlenecks took place as our ancestors spread out of Africa relatively recently.
M-ratio values suggested that bottlenecks had occurred in all populations both metal-impacted and clean (Table 1).
Indeed, reconstruction of the recent Ashkenazi Jewish history from whole genomes suggested a bottleneck of merely 350 individuals26,350
Bathymetric macroecological patterns may also derive from the stress novelty link through inactivation of a canalisation system by physiological stresses during embryonic or larval development, induced by the effects of high hydrostatic pressure and low temperature around the suggested physiological bottleneck at bathyal depths (Tables 1 and 2; Fig. 2).
The demographic inferences summarized in Table 1 suggest strong bottlenecks with little subsequent recovery of size in the non-German populations.
These results suggest that bottlenecks created during the generation of inbred mice differentially capture the genetic diversity observed within the parental outbred strain resulting in either retention or loss of the original variation.
Theory [36], [37] and observations on natural avian systems [38], [39] suggest that bottlenecks, such as those experienced upon colonization of an island, are most likely to decrease allelic diversity (due to the loss of rare alleles) while heterozygosity will decline only if the bottleneck is severe and the growth rate of the population is low.
Thus, our data suggest recent bottlenecks in both inland and coastal populations.
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