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Our results suggest subordinate females pay with alloparental care to ensure access to the breeding substrate and thereby increase their opportunities to lay their own clutches.
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(Palms together looks like prayer or supplication and suggests subordinate status).
These patterns suggest that subordinate females may face resource competition, especially over access to helpers.
This result would suggest that subordinate helping pays for both the opportunity to reproduce and some level of reciprocal helping by the dominant.
These results suggest that subordinate females do not pay because they can expect to get this payment reciprocated by the dominant females.
Experiments suggest that subordinate species can avoid competitors (e.g., Pimm et al. 1985; Fletcher 2008; Evans et al. 2009; Slaa and Hughes 2009) or depleted resources (e.g., Nakashima et al. 2002; Yokoi et al. 2007) by using heterospecific visitation signals and cues.
The results of our research suggest that subordinates of creative leaders are inclined to engage in OCB and that team creative efficacy mediates the relationship between leader creativity and OCB in that subordinates of creative leaders tend to perceive team creative efficacy to be high, which drives them to engage in OCB to support the team and colleagues.
Trellis availability at the first stratum was related to greater climber diversity suggesting that subordinate trees and shrubs may be crucial to promote climber diversity in this plant community.
6 In most conditions, the binding of HLA-E to CD94/NKG2A is much stronger than that to CD94/NKG2C, suggesting a subordinate role of this latter interaction.
Our results suggest that female subordinate cichlids pay with alloparental care to ensure that they can reproduce themselves (supporting the hypothesis that by payment they might acquire short-term reproductive benefits).
Our findings suggest that for subordinate individuals, the stress of low rank may progressively impair the capacity of multiple physiological systems to dynamically adjust to environmental pressures resulting in a failure to maintain healthy functioning (Seeman, Epel, Gruenewald, Karlamangla, & McEwen, 2010).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com