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Contrary to laboratory flumes, alluvial river bed always provide sufficient roughness.
Note that the h before the gradient operator makes this term nonlinear, which becomes important only after the surface has developed sufficient roughness.
While the nanograss structure of CuO has a sufficient roughness for superhydrophobic characteristics, the additional hierarchy of nanoflowers on nanograss leads to a semi-reentrant structure with a high repellency even for a very small droplet (10 nL) of low surface tension liquid such as 25%% ethanol (~35 mN/m), thus providing non-wettable and self-cleaning properties.
The red rose takes advantage of this by using a hierarchy of micro- and nanostructures on each petal to provide sufficient roughness for superhydrophobicity.
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It must also have sufficient surface roughness to permit the osteoblasts to attach easily and proliferate and must provide space for nutrients.
To develop a superhydrophobic coating with the highest possible level of transparency, a trade-off between sufficient surface roughness and excessive scattering caused by overly long ZnO nanorods must be found.
The reported results indicate that a stable pattern of secondary currents over the entire channel width can only be sustained over a fixed horizontal bed if the bed's roughness is sufficient to provide the required transverse oscillations in the turbulent shear stresses.
Small values of roughness are sufficient where there is a little local variation in data.
These results suggest that nano roughness alone is sufficient to modulate cellular behavior and early stage of stem cell lineage commitment without the aid of an induction medium.
Epitaxially grown LZO buffer layers of high performance, showing a strong cube texture up to the surface, a crack-free surface morphology of low roughness, and a sufficient barrier function against Ni diffusion from the substrate, were reproducibly obtained.
This result suggests that CNT nano-roughness alone was sufficient to modulate the early stage of stem cell lineage commitment without the aid of induction media.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com