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One possible explanation for the various plastic responses observed in E. huxleyi [29] and other coccolithophorid species [30] is that the reaction norms have high levels of genetic variance sufficient for adaptation to ocean acidification [31].
In line with this, while we showed that 3 nucleotide substitutions in NS5A coding sequence and 3'NTR were necessary and sufficient for adaptation of the genome-length domain III chimera to efficient replication in tamarins (Fig. 4, Table 1), we did not find these mutations to enhance genome translation or replication in the replicon model (Table 2, Fig. 5B).
In view of the fact that only ∼100 saccades are sufficient for adaptation to asymptote in human [30] [34] whereas ∼1000 trials are necessary in monkey [15], the amounts of trials used in Shafer et al. 's study and in ours seem optimal to reach a strong adaptation.
While this might be sufficient for adaptation by improvisation, the outcome of it can be enhanced and stabilized by auto-regulation.
The high similarity of C. glabrata to S. cerevisiae suggests that also for fungi, relatively small genetic changes may be sufficient for adaptation to a pathogenic lifestyle (Dujon et al., 2004).
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Nevertheless, perception is not a sufficient condition for adaptation since farmers who have perceived the change in climate may not adapt or the nature of their adaptation response may vary as a result of a complex interplay among social, economic, environmental, and institutional factors (Maharjan et al. 2011; Mertz et al. 2009; Maddison 2007).
These time frames are likely to be sufficient for an adaptation process, since growth cone adaptation to guidance factors has been previously reported to occur, depending on the experimental assay, within 5 20 min [ 25, 26].
First, what are the necessary and sufficient conditions for adaptation to occur?
The study duration was long enough to allow sufficient time for adaptation to the diet.
The four week period between visits allowed sufficient time for adaptation to the new spectacles.
Here, the argument is about individual selection as a sufficient explanation for adaptation and whether or not there is or could be a significant effect of random genetic drift or interdemic selection (Wright 1931) on adaptive evolution.
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