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Hence, the keys to generating usable amounts of fusion energy are to attain a sufficient plasma temperature and a sufficient confinement quality, as measured by the product nτ.
An ideal material would allow a long propagation length of the SPP along the interface, yet sufficient confinement into the metallic (conductive) material; in other words short extension into the dielectric.
In the reported experiments, the NW core-multishell QW heterostructure typically has a thin QW of several nanometers for a strong quantum confinement as well as obvious quantum size effect and thick barriers, i. e. core and shell, of several dozen to hundred nanometers for a sufficient confinement of carriers [10, 35 37].
At this flow rate ratio, there is sufficient confinement to maximize the sample concentration to 200 μm after the capillary, which is well within where the SERS-active electrode is positioned.
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However, due to the lack of sufficient lateral confinement for the columns, this technique is not applicable for the improvement of grounds that consist of very soft soils.
A new model is presented for evaluating the axial strength of concrete confined with both FRP and steel, and the model may accurately predict the ultimate strength of FRP-steel-confined concrete with both sufficient and insufficient confinement.
Although the current flow can be well-confined in the non-Si-diffused area, the near zero index contrast between diffused and non-diffused area cannot provide a sufficient lateral optical confinement.
For instance, to realize smaller size that is sufficient for quantum confinement and high density enough for applications, the Tsub for the samples in Fig. 2 was chosen to be in the range of 20 35°C.
The same trend for RF amplitude and signal intensity was observed for the 90° turn and linear arrangements, where the signal increases with RF amplitude to a plateau in ion intensity once a deep enough potential well is reached providing sufficient RF ion confinement.
Although FRP wrapping is used when lateral steel is not sufficient to confine the concrete core, the ability of lateral steel to provide confinement in most of the cases is not negligible.
The number of air-hole rings (N r ) is chosen as 6 since this value is sufficient to provide low confinement loss.
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