Previous work aiming to compare and assess such methods includes a 2009 article by Bender and coworkers, in which 37 molecular fingerprints were compared and their similarities were quantified (based on their rank-orderings of the same dataset) by means of statistical methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) [5].
An example of such methods includes those based on moving a window along the sequence to try to identify regions with a dissimilar phylogeny using some sort of divergence score (Grassly and Holmes, 1997; McGuire et al., 1997; McGuire and Wright, 2000).
Such methods include the use of centrifuges and a continuous method employing vacuum suction rolls.
Such methods include high-energy milling, mechano-chemical processing, electro-explosion, laser ablation, sputtering, and vapor condensation.
It is found that such methods include working with advanced clients, prioritising relationship-building strategies and using patents to protect intellectual property.
Such methods include the use of hybrid kinetic-fluid models, which treat the relativistic bunches as in a PIC code and the background plasma electrons as a fluid.
A brief description of methods commonly used in molecular design, followed by examples in food chemistry are presented, such methods include similarity searching, pharmacophore modeling, quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR), and molecular docking.
Examples of such methods include in vivo optical observation of brain activity using multiphoton microscopy; detailed quantitative analysis of animal behavior; computational analysis of complex data; viral-assisted gene delivery to manipulate, monitor, and trace neural circuits; the use and refinement of genetically encoded activity sensors; and transgenic organisms.
Such methods include NH4OH, (NH4 2S, H2S, and F treatment [7, 9 11].
Such methods include Median Absolute Deviation, Interquartile Range, and Iterative Local Regression.
Such methods include persistence landscapes [143], using the space of algebraic functions [144], persistence images [145], and kernelization techniques [146 149].
