These policies directly affect the relative prices of foods and, as such, are proximate determinants of food consumption and hence nutrition outcomes.
A more accurate assessment of the relationship between tobacco use and HbA1c would be obtained by using a biologic marker for smoking, such as cotinine, the major proximate metabolite of nicotine.
A complete answer to such questions requires evolutionary as well as proximate explanations (Tinbergen 1963; Mayr 1983).
Overall, the findings suggest that children's health is more sensitive to proximate characteristics such as gender than it is, perhaps, to migration.
As a means of overcoming some of the shortcomings of recidivism outcome studies discussed, we suggest that the examination of more proximate outcomes, such as change within treatment, provide a useful addition to studies of treatment effectiveness.
We then describe how socioecological factors may influence whether species will attend to gaze cues, and suggest links between ultimate factors and proximate mechanisms such as cognition and perception.
To explain behavior, ethologists follow Tinbergen's suggestion that we can distinguish between explanations in terms of proximate causes, such as mechanism and function, and ultimate causes, such as ontogeny (the maturational processes involved in the behavior) and evolution (Tinbergen 1963).
A strategy, for discovering the proximate causes of complex cognitive functions, which, in turn, may inform novel evolutionary explanations, is to associate variability at the level of the behavioral phenotype and (structural or functional) variability at the level of the likely proximate causes (such as at the levels of genetics and/or the brain).
Most studies of sepsis measure proximate outcomes, such as 28-day mortality or hospital mortality [ 36].
Addresses not confirmed by utilities were evaluated using ancillary procedures, such as assigning to the most proximate PWS.
There is a higher case-detection rate for leprosy among spatially proximate contacts such as household members and neighbors.
