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Multiple outliers may be tested either one at a time, testing continuing so long as successive values are found discordant, or en bloc.
Successive values are displayed with a Student confidence interval (α = 0.05) and compared using a bilateral Student test.
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To generate test data successive values were drawn at random from this top-level distribution.
The window size determines how successive data values are regrouped [ 38]; it must be much smaller than the total sample size, and one can check that the resulting error estimates are insensitive to the choice of this window size.
Both results indicate that the successive observed attention values are highly correlated, and the actual attention level is sustained over longer periods of time.
In contrast, the f1 component (near the 600 Hz first harmonic of the envelope) also changes with frequency shifts (Figure 3d, Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA, H = 13.25, df = 4, p = 0.01), but successive frequency shifted values are not significantly different from each other, and the pattern is anti-symmetrical rather than symmetrical about zero.
Based on the prior knowledge of Cα Cα distances between successive atoms, these values are set to μ=3.8Å and σ=0.4Å and are considered to be part of the codebook.
The inferred groups between successive K values were decided to identify the real number of clusters of individuals based on Evanno's methods [ 54].
We used the PROC EXPAND procedure (version 9.1; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) in which the successive nonmissing values were connected with straight lines (using the JOIN method).
The Δ K statistic, based on the rate of change of log-likelihood of data [ l(K)] between successive K values, was used to select the optimal K, following Evanno et al. (2005).
For nonstationary series, sometimes differences between successive values can be taken and used as a stationary series to which the ARIMA model can be applied.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com