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The dynamic knowledge loop enables us to untangle the different steps of inter- and transdisciplinary cooperation, leading to a successive adaptation of knowledge.
Apart from a physical demonstration of successive adaptation using dice and the game of Yahtzee® (Dickinson 1998), teachers are mostly resorting to computer modeling for demonstrations of adaptation by natural selection, for example, based on genetic algorithms (for an introduction to genetic algorithms, see Michalewicz 1996).
As each successive adaptation is tested to identify its contribution to the impact of care, and spreads accordingly, the scales tip towards cumulative long-term improvements in health systems.
Influenza virus pandemics in human populations are often initiated by viral invasion from animal hosts and successive adaptation among humans through human-to-human transmission, as recently observed for the pandemic H1N1 strains (H1N1/09).
Quantitative support for this prediction is evident in the successive adaptation of the Marek's disease virus to repeated releases of vaccines that limit tumor growth rather than viral reproduction or propagation [ 26, 27].
Indeed, without necessarily changing grand policies, local, small – but cumulative – improvements in implementation can contribute to a pattern of successive adaptation spreading within its viable niche, ultimately providing locally derived, long-term improvements in health systems.
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In additional cells, we increased the duration of our adaptation protocol with a non-preferred stimulus in steps from 3 to 12 min. Successive adaptations of 3, 6, 9 and 12 min were performed on the same cells.
We uncovered successive changes in gene expression required for the successful adaptation to a nutrient-limited water environment.
Selection on a large pool of available genetic variation during the early stages of fly domestication, followed by strong and recurrent inbreeding, allow for the successive roles of adaptation and drift in shaping the genetic architecture of domesticated phenotypic traits in a bottle.
Therefore, the Dutch Court of Audit concluded in its report on the national policy on climate change adaptation that "successive governments in recent years have taken steps to adapt to the changing climate, but the current policy is fragmented and does not cover all areas that are vulnerable to climate change.
Of these, two complementary modeling approaches have emerged: While so-called adaptive-walk models consider adaptation from the successive fixation of de novo mutations only, quantitative genetic models assume that adaptation proceeds exclusively from preexisting standing genetic variation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com