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Sure, it might be highly discouraging to watch the successful progeny of dynastic wealth -- think the scions of the Houses of Trump, Hilton and Newhouse.
Among his numerous successful progeny was I Love You (a World Cup winner) and Galoubet A (1972 2005), part of the gold-medal winning French show-jumping team at the World Championships in 1982.
For FS individuals to invade and spread among hermaphrodites, they must sire at least twice as many successful progeny as do the hermaphrodites.
Theoretical models of androdioecy explain its rarity by predicting that males must sire at least twice as many successful progeny as hermaphrodites (Lloyd, 1975 a ; Charlesworth and Charlesworth, 1978, 1981; Charlesworth, 1984).
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Indeed, if males are subject to differential mating success, and if fit females tend to have sexually successful offspring, then the males among a fit female's progeny (sons, grandsons, etc).
Although we did not directly detect successful mating and progeny development in the laboratory, we did observe nearly equal frequency of and mating types across both cryptic species within the R. oryzae species complex (Table S3).
A hermaphrodite was considered to be mated when more than one male was found among the progeny (successful mating event).
We found that males with a longer refractory period were more successful in siring progeny than their counterparts, whose refractory periods were shorter than 9 min. Importantly, males from both groups did not display a difference in the amount of progeny they sired during the 1st mating.
We addressed these goals by estimating breeding values of mother trees with contrasted effective (i.e. based on successful regeneration) reproductive success via progeny testing under controlled and semi-natural conditions.
The evaluated A. aculeata progenies showed great genetic variability, demonstrating that successful selection of superior progenies is possible.
In her current upscale neighborhood, she said, parents are so determined that their progeny be successful they do whatever it takes to help them thrive, including doing their homework for them.
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