Given a fitness advantage for competitive success, variance in aggressive and sexual display traits should be depleted, but a great deal of variation in these traits is consistently found.
The dispersion parameters within each sex were selected arbitrarily to reflect a realistic distribution of reproductive success in salmon, such that male reproductive success variance is higher than that of females (i.e., Bateman's principle [ 61]), and more males than females fail to reproduce (Additional file 4).
However, floater individuals have lower reproductive success and variance in reproductive success than territorial males (total and extra-pair fledglings), so their relative impact on the population's reproductive performance is low.
It can be seen from Figs. 2b and 2d that groups can fulfil this condition when the reproduction threshold is much higher than the mean individual foraging success, when variance in foraging success is small, or when the half saturation constant (h) of the fitness function is large.
For recruitment success, the variance of shift distances was unusually high in males that were unsuccessful in the first season and improved their fitness in the second season (category 0 1; Bartlett test: chi-square = 14.0, df = 3, p = 0.002; Fig. 4c), and territory shift distance differed significantly (Kruskal Wallis test: H3,35 = 9.22, p = 0.026; Fig. 4c).
The intervening years have seen, among others, Eagle Eye, Closed Circuit, Echelon Conspiracy and the first three Bourne films take the same blueprint and run with it, with varying degrees of success but little variance in premise and plot.
Our study suggests that a trade-off exists between flower size and number that, coupled with a positive scaling between flower size and pollination success, reduces the variance in per tree fruit production between species.
The model allows analyzing how mean foraging success, inter-individual variance of foraging success, and the cost of reproduction and offspring raising influence the benefit of group formation and resource sharing.
Together the change variables of the collaboration process explained 43% of the variance in success, and change in relationship dynamics was found to be the greatest predictor of success (β = .45, p < .05).05
In polygamous systems, iteroparity can be thought to lead to subordinate individuals having more opportunities to be successful, reducing the between-individual variance in reproductive success and thus increasing Ne (Nunney 1993).
The expected success rates and their variance can be determined analytically without the need for multiple imputation since the weights (i.e. probability of imputing to the correct Census units) are known for all strategies in this type of experiment where we know the truth, but subset the data to behave as though we do not.
