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In 2003, he created a deck of playing cards featuring maps of all nuclear-capable nations, rescaling the maps so that each of the sixty-seven nations was the same size; the following year, he took the subway grids of dozens of cities — Tokyo, Berlin, Shanghai, Madrid — and fit them to a single scale, revealing distinctions that weren't as visible before.
The subway — the subterranean grid that unites city dwellers rich and poor, uptown and down — is fundamental to the experience of regular New Yorkers, and that is a truth city politicians rarely forget.
If only the Transit Construction Commission's 1920 plan had been adopted: a $350 million, 20-year blueprint that would have provided a grid of subway lines covering all five boroughs and provided for a city with a population even bigger than today's.
Imagine a city-planning tool which makes it easy to design city maps which do include towers, residential districts, parks, malls and roads … but which doesn't easily support things like waterworks, sewers, subway tunnels, the electrical grid, etc., which can only be wedged in through awkward hacks, if at all.
However, like the city's subway system and electric grid, it is old infrastructure that is decaying and its maintenance is essential to the transition to a renewable resource-based economy.
'Off the Map' (Saturday) What happens when a subway car falls off the grid?
In addition, the city's large areas of public green space and municipally owned property can be used to begin to create a third transport net -- for pedestrians, bikers and nonaggressive zero-emissions vehicles -- to supplement the street grid and the subway.
The green elements include: funding to insulate domestic and public buildings; tax breaks and loans for solar and wind power firms; investment in a new electric grid; expansion of subways and inter-city trains.
But Klaus Jacob, the Columbia University geophysicist who issued prophetic warnings about the city's fragile infrastructure before Sandy, worries about other openings, "like subway entrances and open-sidewalk ventilation grids".
HopStop: Despite the grid and easy to use subway system, Manhattan can be a daunting and intimidating city to traverse if you have no idea which direction is North or West.
Networks can be tangible objects in the Euclidean space, such as electric power grids, the Internet, highways or subway systems, and neural networks.
Write better and faster with AI suggestions while staying true to your unique style.
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com