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Fourth, we focused on the moderating effects of any early or recent trauma histories, and less so on the specific subtypes of abuse or violence (physical, sexual, emotional).
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Interestingly, there is evidence that subtypes of trauma, particularly emotional abuse [ 5, 15] is increased in patients with bipolar disorder.
The functional relationship between the ED and substance of abuse varies across ED subtypes and needs to be carefully assessed.
In addition, it has recently been proposed that topiramate is also an antagonist of AMPA receptors, a Glu receptor subtype that mediates relapse-like behaviors and is implicated in the neuroadaptive changes produced by drugs of abuse as well [ 49].
Accusations of abuse spanned decades.
But what kind of abuse?
I have witnessed acts of abuse.
Terrible examples of abuse do exist.
— a legacy of abuse and dysfunction.
Scale of abuse.
Scars of abuse.
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