NDP subtracts capital depreciation, and is considered a superior measure of economic progress.
Mr Gordon then subtracts a few tenths of a percent for each of his six "headwinds".
Where better to explain that the financial instability lately affecting Asia subtracts nothing from the region's underlying appeal as a place to invest?
One idea is to increase the "haircuts" it subtracts from the market value of collateral, in order to protect against a decline in asset prices (the bigger the haircut, the smaller the amount that can be borrowed).
That cost subtracts from social welfare in its own right.
Adding soot and other aerosols (fine particles suspended in the air) further adds to, or subtracts from, the effect of CO₂.
Discarding these workers subtracts little from the nation's output, he argues; it also flatters the productivity figures of those with jobs.America, Mr Lindert conjectures, can get away with an inefficient tax code because its tax burden is quite low.
Some examples: states may forbid the export of produce to other states; private traders are barred from stocking commodities beyond certain limits (to prevent hoarding); private investment in dairies is restricted; in Punjab, farmers may sell most major crops only through highly taxed mandis (markets); futures trading in most commodities is banned.All this subtracts value from India's crops.
During a relatively placid economic period like the mid-2000s, about 65% of all hiring is associated with what economists have dubbed "churn"—the job-to-job movement of workers through the labour force, which neither adds to nor subtracts from total employment.
Two decades after reunification, the East still subtracts heavily from Germany's budget and adds greatly to its unemployment figures.Before the last Korean war in 1950, the North was home to most of the country's heavy industry.
A better measure of economic progress is net domestic product (NDP), which subtracts depreciation.
