Assuming that the underlying ECG and CPR artifact are uncorrelated, the power of CPR artifact can be obtained through subtracting the power of corrupted ECG by the power of clean ECG. Figure 2 shows the examples of signal selection for SNRo estimation in each segment.
The total power budget is reduced by subtracting the power assigned so far.
HF and LF components were reported also in normalised units, which are obtained by calculating the percentage of the LF and HF variability with respect to the total power (all components from 0 to 0.5 Hz) after subtracting the power of the very low frequency component (frequencies <0.04 Hz).
The total available lifetime lf is then calculated by subtracting the power usage of the base station and the carrier from what is leftover of the the available power: text{lf} = T_{text{flight}} + frac{C_{text{bat}} - frac{T_{text{fi}}}{3600}cdot text{PC}_{text{UAV}}}{text{PC}_{text{BS}} + text{PC}_{text{UAV}}}cdot 3600 (6).
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Each participant's individual mu rhythm band was determined by subtracting the power frequency spectrum of the sequence execution phase during the imitation task (which contained the lowest mu activation due to hand movements) from the power frequency spectrum during the observation phase of the detection task (which contained the highest mu activation).
For metabolic energy a better approach is to subtract the power required for standing from the power required during locomotion and then dividing by speed [10].
If, however, the variable appears more times in either the numerator or the denominator, but appears at least once in the other portion of the expression, subtract the power that variable is raised to in the smaller portion of the expression from the power the variable is raised to in the larger portion: x^4/x^2 = x^2/1.
The power exports are calculated by subtracting the total export power from total import power with neighbouring power systems.
Most, if not all, implementations of spectral subtraction are based on an over-subtraction approach, where an overestimate of the noise power is subtracted from the power spectrum of the input signal (see e.g., [22 25]).
