To determine the chance that any chromosome in a cell (containing 46 chromosomes) reaches critical levels, we calculated the chance that 46 independent centromeres do not reach critical levels and subtracted this chance from 1; [1 − (1 − X)].
The accuracy of the model was evaluated by subtracting the proportional by chance accuracy rate (PCHAR) to the overall percentage of accurate predictions seen in the classification matrix of the final model.
We subtracted the individual chance levels from the accuracy rates to yield a less biased measure.
Each classification accuracy value was subtracted from 0.5 (chance level) to center the values on zero, and these images were then submitted to a random effects one-sample t-test using SPM8.
Since the parameter space for orientation is circular, we used Fisher's definition of SD for circular data (Fisher, 1996), subtracting the value expected for chance, so that a precision value of zero corresponds to responding at random.
First, unlike support for Ukip, which has come from both the two main parties, a vote for the Greens is overwhelmingly subtracting from Labour's electoral chances.
The corresponding nPOGR is 74%, indicating that after subtracting the POGR score by random chance, the observed score achieves a high proportion of the maximum potential agreement beyond chance (0.38).
Note that subtracting the abstinence rate or an individual's chance of not smoking from 100% does not give the relapse rate because this number can include participants who ever quitted smoking and those who never.
The booklet stated each side effect as both a number out of 100 chance of occurrence and that number subtracted from 100 as the chance of avoiding occurrence.
The interval obtained by subtracting 2 × S.D. from mean and by adding 2 × S.D. to mean (that is, μ±2 σ) shows that the chance of a trial value coming outside this interval will be less than 5%.
