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For almost all our history, woodland has been a changing, growing and working place that was beautifully rich with an astonishingly varied and subtle ecosystem that has evolved to adapt and utilise these annual changes.
We argue that many subtle ecosystem disruptions are often identified only as a result of detailed epidemiologic investigations after an anomalous increase in human disease incidence detected by routine surveillance mechanisms.
A major advantage in using disease outbreaks as bioindicators of even subtle ecosystem disruptions is that the health of human populations is generally subject to more widespread and accurate surveillance than is ecosystem health (Spiegel and Yassi 1997).
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The impact of degradation varies from fine-scale structural changes in canopy cover and height [19, 34], or subtle disruptions to ecosystem services, to broad-scale loss of biomass [14, 64].
A more subtle issue is the ecosystem of software security.
Species in a Colorado subalpine ecosystem show subtle interdependences.
And from there it was easier to appreciate this weird ecosystem's subtle charm -- varying shades of green layered upon green over waving dunes.
Although archaeologists have largely missed these subtle manipulations of marine ecosystems, they represent an important part of ancient management systems.
Borders between ecosystems are subtle or imperceptible.
As Florida's population began to grow significantly and urban areas near the Everglades were developed, proponents of the park's establishment faced difficulty in persuading the federal government and the people of Florida that the subtle and constantly shifting ecosystems in the Everglades were just as worthy of protection.
This is particularly important when IAPs are considered transformers (or drivers of ecological change) because they may alter both subtle and obvious components of ecosystem functions and services, e.g. by being excessive users of nutrients, donors of limiting nutrients, fire promoters/suppressors or salt accumulators/redistributors (Richardson et al. 2000; Richardson and Gaertner 2013).
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com