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There could be a subsurface ocean.
"The subsurface ocean is exceptionally warm as well," he adds.
But Europa is covered by a subsurface ocean.
Above the ice layer is likely a subsurface ocean possibly 100 km (60 miles) deep.
Yin, J. et al. Different magnitudes of projected subsurface ocean warming around Greenland and Antarctica.
Pappalardo, R. T. et al. Does Europa have a subsurface ocean?
In addition, the entry of warm subsurface ocean water could intensify the mass loss by melting6.
'Category-6' Supertyphoon Haiyan in global warming hiatus: Contribution from subsurface ocean warming.
Carr, M. H. et al. Evidence for a subsurface ocean on Europa.
Thomas, P. C. et al. Enceladus's measured physical libration requires a global subsurface ocean.
Callisto would thus join two other Jovian moons, Europa and Ganymede, in being suspected of having a subsurface ocean.
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