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Planosols are characterized by a subsurface layer of clay accumulation.
This subsurface layer also contains a significant amount of accumulated clay.
Further, the N signal suggests the presence of Cu3N, and STEM-EELS mapping (Supplementary Fig. 6) shows evidence of Cu3N in the subsurface layer following CO2 reduction.
In semi-arid and arid regions, accumulation of saline soils in a subsurface layer sometimes limits rooting of fruit trees, causes abnormal foliar symptoms, and reduces yields.
This phenomenon is attributed to a subsurface layer of water of tropical origin that is poor in oxygen but rich in phosphate.
Parallel median cracks can be generated on the subsurface layer of brittle materials in engineering.
Albeluvisols are characterized by a subsurface layer of brownish clay into which "tongues" of bleached material project from an overlying layer extensively leached of clay and iron oxides.
As their subsurface layer structure implies, they tend to be associated with the FAO soil groups of Podzols to the north and Luvisols to the south.
The ice was found in the "Snow White" trench pictured above: "The scrapings were done in preparation for collecting a sample for analysis from a hard subsurface layer where soil may contain frozen water.
A drill allows direct access to the subsurface layer for taking measurements and sampling for organic chemistry studies.
Bacterioplankton turnover of DMS was also faster in the subsurface layer (12 h) compared to the surface layer (24 h).
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