Field experiments are needed to examine the pathways of water movement, total water balance, and crop production under shallow and controlled drainage in Iowa's subsurface drained landscapes.
The landsystems approach is an holistic form of terrain evaluation, linking the geomorphology and subsurface materials in a landscape and relating them genetically to process landform studies.
No significant treatment effects were detected in total or PAO soil fractions in the subsurface layer or among landscape position in either depth increment.
From January September in this landscape, frequency of subsurface water use by vegetation remained relatively constant, supplementing decreasing shallow soil water availability and/or increasing evaporative demand.
(1) Roadcuts and quarries expose cross sections, not only of structure, but also of landforms, illustrating relationships between subsurface geology and the surface landscape.
Restored wetlands are positioned on the landscape to receive subsurface tile drainage water while reference wetlands receive water from overland run-off and shallow groundwater sources.
Relationships describing response times for landscape saturation and subsurface flow for idealised hillslopes after a change in water balance are derived in terms of similarity parameters given by their topographic, soil and climatic attributes.
These results suggest that land use has strong water partitioning effects not only above ground but also in the subsurface, and that understanding the landscape hydrology in the Earth's Critical Zone required quantification of the considering coupled pedological and biological processes.
Using input from subsurface specialists to rethink the urban landscape results in realisation of synergies between subsurface elements and the (re design of vital urban infrastructure.
For the identification of possible habitats it is important to understand periglacial landscape evolution and related subsurface and environmental conditions.
