To cope with any sudden spike in voltage caused by an EMP, military-specified components had to be hardened with ceramic substrates and thick aluminium leads in place of the flimsy plastic packaging used commercially.
After modelling the active site of this enzyme, Camitro's researchers have been able to predict what sort of substrates CYP 3A4 can capture, and how strongly.
The 3% of substrates for MPU applications shipped in 2007 accounted for 30% of the market's value.However, innovation alone may not always help.
When they heated it to 400°C, it turned into a solid, transparent film.Dr Katz has now used sodium beta-alumina to build transistors on both glass substrates and flexible, plastic ones.
When they heated it to 400ºC, it turned into a solid, transparent film.Dr Katz has now used sodium beta-alumina to build transistors on both glass substrates and flexible, plastic ones.
A lot more work is needed to make the substrates flexible, durable and able to keep the display components sealed away from the environment.
So the Japanese moved to higher-value products, focusing on substrates for microprocessor units (MPUs).
The firm uses an adapted version of LCD manufacturing which employs electronic ink and plastic substrates to make its screens.
Started in 1989 to exploit research done by Richard Siegel, then at Argonne National Laboratory, outside Chicago, and Horst Hahn of the University of Saarland in Saarbrücken, Germany, the company developed substrates that eventually became useful in cosmetic applications, particularly sunscreen.
This particular MIT innovation could be the crucial advance for OLED screens in general.Ultimately, of course, researchers want to build OLEDs on flexible polymer substrates, so they can change the way that displays are used.
In July Hoya, a Japanese maker of optical glass, announced a $146m factory near Hanoi to make the glass substrates from which hard disks are fashioned.
