Here, pretreatment of cellulosic substrates with swollenin, even in non-saturating concentrations, significantly accelerated the hydrolysis.
More importantly, the results also suggest that the side chain structures of catalytic residues are ready to interact with substrates even before substrate binding.
Moreover, pretreatment of the cellulosic substrates with swollenin - even in non-saturating concentrations - significantly accelerated the hydrolysis.
While all of these approaches can produce CNTs in bulk quantities, CVD and PECVD are suited to grow CNTs on substrates with controlled thickness and even vertical orientation, suitable for device fabrication.
It seems, however, easily possible to extend our approach to larger networks if desired, with additional substrates or even mixtures or also more detailed resolution of anabolic routes at the network periphery which were lumped here.
Although gecko and insect adhesive hairs are made of relatively stiff keratin and cuticle, respectively, arrays of adhesive hairs are compliant and can maintain adhesion even on substrates with significant surface roughness [ 104, 105].
This method can also be applied to various functional polymer chains covalently attached to different polymer substrates, even with high viscosity or limited solubility.
In addition, a variety of endothelial water-transport proteins expressed in one or both of the cell membranes (luminal or apical), provide co-transport of water along with their substrates even independently of osmotic gradients.
A bis-epoxide was examined as a substrate, but even with five equiv of base/sulfone only the mono-sultonylated product 4 n was obtained, which suggests that formation of the first sultone ring retards that of the second.
Previously, WRN has been shown to unwind 1-nt gapped substrate with moderate efficiency even in the presence of 3'-internal mismatches [29].
