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After being coated with a multilayer, the polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrates were transported into an ultra-high vacuum cluster system with a base pressure of 5 × 10 −5 Pa and stored over night to degas.
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MRP1 transports also a broad spectrum of substrates, but these substrates are transported in conjugation with or co-transported with glucuronide or glutathione.
As a biofilm process, the substrates are transported from the bulk phase to the biofilm passing through a mass transfer resistance layer.
Influx hindrance can be described by the 'gatekeeper' model, where substrates are transported back from the lipid layers of the luminal cell membrane into the blood before they reach the cytoplasm.
Of the substrates tested, it is notable that the 3-carbon substrates are transported in greater amounts compared to the 6-carbon substrates.
If substrates are transported in the opposite direction the reaction equation is primary [ extracellular ]+carrier[ cytosol ]= primary [ cytosol ]+carrier[ extracellular ].
Finally, some issues need to be clarified with respect to the substrates being transported, particularly the species of citrate.
If substrates are transported in the same direction the reaction equation is primary [ extracellular ]+ carrier [ extracellular ]= primary [ cytosol ]+ carrier [ cytosol ].
The ATP-binding domain of ABCD1 is facing the cytosol and substrates are transported from the cytosol into the peroxisome under ATP consumption.
The membrane proteins that form the channel through which ERAD substrates are transported from the lumen to the cytosol have not been identified.
This is paralleled with functional divergence in this family with four known substrates being transported, namely nitrate, peptides, abscisic acid, and glucosinolates.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com