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We review here the proteases which generate bioactive ECM fragments, their ECM substrates, the major bioactive ECM fragments, together with their biological properties and their receptors.
In all substrates, the major fermentation products were acetate and butyrate with small amounts of ethanol, propionate, and butanol.
For the 5′-flap substrates, the major cleavage site lies in the 5′ single-stranded arm at the junction between single- and double-stranded DNA.
In terms of the number of substrates, the major NAT is NatA, which co-translationally acetylates N-termini starting with a small amino acid (Ala, Cys, Ser, Thr, Val, Cys), after the initiator methionine has been removed.
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Mucosal glucogenesis from LDx is commonly termed α-glucosidase activity although the same mucosal activity is also recognized with maltose substrate, the major product of starch hydrolysis by amylase.
With α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (1 a) as substrate, the major product was non-deuterated 3-methyl-furan-2 5 H)-one (2 a) together with a minor amount of mono-deuterated 3-methyl-furan-2 52(5 H)-one (2 a) in a ratio of ≍3-methyl-furan-2 5 3-methyl-furan-2 5H -oneansfer from tH -oneo-β′-position of the enolate intermediate to the exo-β-position through the FMN cofactor.
Furthermore, on the mix substrates including the major components of biomass: cellulose, xylose, mannose and galactose, 70.4 g/L butyric acid was produced in 168 h by fed-batch fermentation.
For example, while the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans was instrumental in the initial discovery of a role for caspases in cell death control [11], [12], substrates for the major worm caspase, CED-3, have only recently been reported [13].
Peaks corresponding to the phosphorylated (+79.9) core peptides were observed for all four substrates as the major product (Fig. S2a d, ESI †).
Thus, in the Diels Alderase ribozyme, the positioning and orientation of substrates plays the major role in catalysis, and fine-tuning through directed hydrogen bonds in the RNA active site also plays a role.
The formation of enone 10 c was the only reaction without complete regioselectivity, but the selectivity was still high (especially for this class of substrates) and the major product could be isolated straightforwardly.
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