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We found that UDG and APE carry out their catalytic activities with reduced efficiency on nucleosome substrates, showing a distinction between uracil facing 'out' or 'in' from the histone surface, while DNA polymerase β (pol β) is completely inhibited by nucleosome formation.
(I ) Total number of cells over time on 2 MPa, 20 kPa, and 5 kPa substrates, showing a greater initial number of cells, as well as a greater final number of cells, on 20 kPa substrates (n = 6,401 for G, n = 5,110 for H, I,).
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A high yield of such aligned nanodot arrays was confirmed on different substrates, showing an ideal controllability and reproducibility.
SEC-MALLS analysis of the modified substrates showed a negligible degradation of the polysaccharide using this procedure.
The iPSCs cultured on the chitosan substrates showed a higher proliferation rate without losing the stemness feature.
We find that closely packed two-dimensional cell cultures on a soft polyacrylamide gel (Young's modulus E = 690 Pa) contain more cells exhibiting calcium oscillations than cultures on a rigid substrate (E = 36 000 Pa). Calcium responses of cells on soft substrates show a slower decay of calcium level relative to those on rigid substrates.
In particular, G. lucidum films grown on PDB-cellulose substrates showed a significant increment of the bands assigned to lipids (CH2 asymmetric and symmetric stretching modes at ∼2930 and 2855 cm−1, respectively, and the ester C=O stretching vibration at 1743 cm−1) with respect to those that grew on pure amorphous cellulose substrates.
At an optimal deposition condition, ITO thin films deposited on PET substrates showed a resistivity of 6.6×10−4 Ω cm and optical transmittance of above 90%.
The graphenes grown on the grain boundary of substrates show a faster growth rate, but less ordered structure than in the center of the nickel grain.
The saccharification ability of β-xylosidase in the presence of hemicellulose obtained from corn straw raw and xylan from beechwood substrates showed a xylo-oligosaccharide to xylose conversion yield of 80 and 50%, respectively, at 50 °C.
The optimized hybrid structure substrates showed a highly uniform field enhancement, with the enhancement factor of ~ 5.2 × 107 and the sensitivity of ~ 10− 9 M, which manifested their potential and promising application in commercial use of SERS.
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