The activity of multi-substrate users may have been masked by populations that grew faster on individual substrates, particularly the relatively labile hemicellulose, as was observed in other SIP experiments.
The citric acid cycle is regulated mainly by the availability of key substrates, particularly the ratio of NAD+ to NADH and the concentrations of calcium, inorganic phosphate, ATP, ADP, and AMP.
The increased severity of the AFEX C2 condition (log R o = 2.88) made the pretreated rice straw substrate, particularly the larger particles, more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis than the AFEX C1 condition (log R o = 1.48) and therefore increased the hydrolysis rate.
Certainly, predictive RNA-folding software such as M-fold [34] indicate the HIV-1 Env mRNA is highly structured and contains stem loops of ds-RNA as potential PKR substrates, particularly those that constitute the Rev-responsive element (RRE).
However, there is still considerable debate regarding the actual mechanisms by which a "cellulase mixture" deconstructs the cellulosic component of pretreated biomass substrates, particularly at the fiber, fibril, and microfibril levels of plant cellular structure [ 3].
Formation of polyubiquitin chains on substrates, particularly chains where the C-terminus of the distal ubiquitin moiety is linked to lysine 48 of the more proximal ubiquitin moiety, targets the substrate for recognition and degradation by the proteasome.
Alteration of either charged or hydrophobic interactions between the enzyme and the substrate, particularly in the −3 subsite, changed and/or broadened the substrate preferences of Chit42.
These amino acid alterations are known to affect the activities of the resultant GSTZ1 enzyme for different substrates, particularly dichloroacetates and fluroacetates, affecting the efficiency of removal for these substances.
The superfamily of AKR enzymes act on a broad variety of substrates, particularly aldehydes and ketones, and the 7A3 isoform metabolizes aflatoxin B1 [ 42].
The interaction can help to stabilize or alter conformation and thus function of the substrate, particularly if the binding target resides within an intrinsically disordered domain (3).
It is possible that certain overflow SRP substrates, particularly membrane proteins, accumulate in the cytoplasm by forming inclusion bodies.
