These findings suggest that Hakai can have ubiquitin-independent functions that may influence the cell phenotype, in addition to its influence on known substrates (like E-cadherin) and as-yet unreported substrates in the nucleus or the cytoplasm, as previously reported for other E3-ubiquitin ligases [ 17, 18].
Sensors based on anodic biofilms that oxidize organic substrates like acetate as living recognition element are promising for online monitoring of anaerobic digestion (AD), wastewater treatment as well as other processes.
Induction of autophagy by lithium led to enhanced clearance of autophagy substrates, like mutant huntingtin fragments as well as mutant ataxin-1 and ataxin-3 in vitro, in Drosophila and mouse models [ 240, 243– 243].
The F-site is 6-20 acids aC-terminalminal to the phosphorylation site [ 19] is also found on ELK-1 as well as substrates like KSR and nucleoporins [ 27].
Furin might not cleave this RSL due to its rigid conformation and the presence of basic residues probably renders it as a substrate-like inhibitor.
The ability of Rhodococcus and other members of the mycolata to cope with organic substrates like phenol and BTEX compounds as well as to the toxicity of high concentrations of compounds such as chlorophenols and terpenes have been observed (de Carvalho et al. 2004, 2009; Tsitko et al. 1999).
Moreover, HSL is known to efficiently hydrolyze a broad range of substrates like tri-, di, and monoacylglycerols as well as retinyl esters [13].
This demonstrates that TatA-derived peptidyl-CMKs bind GlpG in a substrate-like manner and can hence be used as substrate mimetics in crystallographic experiments.
Using an alcohol dehydrogenase (TADH, the thermostable alcohol dehydrogenase from Thermus sp. ATN1), which is known to convert cyclic substrates like 3-hydroxycyclohexanone, as a control.
CYP71 clan members are mainly involved in the metabolism of specialized metabolites like monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes substrates [ 50] as well as in the metabolism of aromatic and aliphatic amino acids, alkaloids, fatty acids and precursors of hormones [ 45].
