Sentence examples for substrates is challenging from inspiring English sources

The planar growth of GaN on Si substrates is challenging because of the large lattice and thermal dilatation mismatches that create high dislocation densities and residual strains.

Nevertheless, using current methodologies, detection of multiple proteins simultaneously and particularly in a three-dimensional (3D) substrates is challenging, with the exception of radiolabeling.

Ranking and ordering of species based on hydrolysis of diverse substrates is challenging since the activity on one substrate may be very different than on another.

Systematic identification of additional IAP substrates is challenged by the heterogeneity and sheer number of ubiquitinated proteins (>5,000).

However, the large-size sapphire substrate is challenging to manufacture due to difficulties in precise drilling of c-plane sapphire from Kyropoulos boules while maintaining accurate crystal orientation and flatness with increasing diameter [1, 2].

Edges of carbon materials have been known to work as active sites for various applications such as catalysts, adsorbent, and electrodes, but selecting precursors for carbon materials with controlled edges in the absence of metallic substrate is challenging.

This substrate is challenging because of multiple single-base substitutions in close proximity to each other, a quality that would render many mutation detection techniques ineffective [ 9].

Currently, due to the insulating nature of the glass-based substrate, it is challenging to fabricate an electrically injected device atop silica while maintaining both conductivity and transparency simultaneously.

Direct measurement of myocardial substrate metabolism is challenging, requiring a combination of arterial and coronary sinus venous blood sampling or sophisticated PET imaging with radio-labeled substrates such as glucose and palmitate[ 49, 50].

Instead of a direct measurement of the substrate level, which is challenging to perform at high temporal resolution and accuracy at low substrate levels, we inferred the substrate level from the bacterial density.

Lattice matching these alloys to convenient substrates such as GaSb, however, is challenging due to the significantly different lattice constants.