Although both PET and DNP-MRS can measure the uptake of labeled substrates in real-time, another key advantage of DNP-MRS is that both the injected substrate and its metabolic products can be detected and followed in real-time, allowing the observation of not only the uptake of the targeted molecule but also its downstream metabolic products [ 96].
In this work, we have demonstrated a low-cost open EWOD based dynamic sensing system, which is capable of tracking multiple droplets on the single substrate in real time.
Nitric oxide release from steel wire substrates was measured in real time using a Sievers 280i chemiluminescence NO analyzer (NOA; Boulder, CO).
Adhesion of cells on wells coated with adhesion substrates was measured in real time for 2.5 h with the xCELLigence system (results plotted for initial adhesion: up to 1 h).
Gilbert and colleagues [ 35] found that muscle stem cells cultured on flexible hydrogel substrates like that found in real muscle retained more of their stem cell characteristics and performed better in a muscle regeneration assay.
As the spatial resolution and acquisition frequency of imaging techniques increase, using imaging to monitor substrate and protein dynamics in real time may be more readily achieved.
Since the SBA-15 substrates have a much rougher surface than Si wafer substrates, the adhesion between the catalyst and Si wafer substrates is generally greater than between the catalyst and SBA-15 substrates, due to the decrease in real area in contact [58].
After mixing microsomes with fluorescence-quenching agents and selected cytosolic proteins, the rate of substrate efflux was monitored continuously in real time by the decrease in fluorescence intensity as cytosolic quenchers contacted dye-labeled substrates.
A fluorometric assay was used to observe unwinding of partial duplex DNA substrates by PcrA helicase and RepD in real time.
