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The screening and selection of suitable synthetic substrates however, is tedious, as their performance relies on the inherent material properties.
Thermal annealing of clean substrates, however, is often reported to cause smooth and well-defined step-and-terrace substrate surfaces [17, 18].
The regulation of mammalian transporters by their substrates, however, is less understood [ 10].
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The self-made PVA substrate, however, is more chemically defined.
A general MAPK substrate however was shared between time points, but no links to its specific contexts could be made.
Substrate specificity, however, is more difficult to predict, and requires experimental characterization of individual GTs.
Wild-type Z. mobilis can only utilize a limited range of substrates; however, it is amenable to genetic manipulation and recombinant strains have been developed to ferment pentose sugars such as xylose and arabinose [ 13- 15].
This substrate-induced gap, however, is shown to be tunable with an out-of-the-plane electric field, providing a useful materials platform for applications.
The intrinsic affinity for the minimal 27 bp I1 element is an order of magnitude lower than that observed with longer substrates, however, which is the result of superimposed cooperative binding of IHF in a nonspecific manner.
The concept of keystone species can be readily applied to the release of energy from recalcitrant substrates; however it is likely to prove relevant also to other types of microbial interaction that occur within complex gut communities.
The proposed model integrates a network of processes and neural processing substrates; however, it is less definitive about the causal chain of events.
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