Sentence examples for substrates have to from inspiring English sources

In the field of activated chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of polycrystalline diamond films, hot-filament activation (HF-CVD) is widely used for applications where large deposition areas are needed or three-dimensional substrates have to be coated.

The order of binding can either be random (in a random mechanism) or substrates have to bind in a particular sequence (in an ordered mechanism).

This would mean that the P. furiosus enzyme is intracellular and the substrates have to be imported into the cell.

A ternary complex mechanism differs from a ping-pong mechanism in that both substrates have to bind before products are generated or released.

It is well recognized that lignocellulosic substrates have to be subjected to a hydrothermal or thermochemical pretreatment prior to the enzymatic hydrolysis.

On the other hand, live-cell labeling with chemical tags is also challenging because the fluorescently labeled substrates have to exhibit high membrane permeability and negligible non-specific binding in living cells.

Due to the weak activities, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from semiconductor-based substrates has to be greatly improved for practical applications.

In this context, the influence of the charging state of the substrate had to be clarified.

As a general condition, the substrate has to show a reduction potential less than that of the metal.

Optimization of molecular geometry as well as relaxation of interlayer distances within the substrate has to be performed.

In order to increase Jc of the film, the perfect coverage on of the BaZrO3 on the substrate has to be attained.