Heat treatment of the substrate has some influence on the corrosion of the HSS/coating system, suggesting that there may be one ideal steel treatment temperature for which the coating adhesion is higher.
Recently, a large number of (∼140) Icm/Dot substrates have been identified, and some of which were characterized as effectors [8], [15].
Given the high level of diversity exhibited by the identified proteins, it is possible that some substrates have been missed in these screenings.
To the above-discussed uncertainties caused by the scarcities of information adds the intrinsic fact that so far all adequately investigated XME which are toxifying some substrates have been found to detoxify other substrates (we established already in 1977 the dual role of microsomal epoxide hydrolase in both, activation and inactivation: Bentley et al. (1977).
Some SERS substrates have been developed through combining noble metal nanoparticles with biomaterials including cellulose and silk.
However, because retained introns with premature stop codons have similar codon usage to exons, this strongly indicates that some NMD substrates have at least been protein-coding in the recent evolutionary past.
Recently, 3D structures of MexB [17] and co-crystal structures of AcrB with various substrates have been resolved [18], and some information regarding their mechanisms of efflux is available.
Some possible substrates have already been identified in plants, such as a meiosis signaling molecule AML1 (Arabidopsis Mei2-like 1) [59] and EBP1 (ErbB-3 epidermal growth factor receptor binding protein) [60] in Arabidopsis, and a translation regulator S6K (ribosomal p70 S6 kinase) [39], [61], but their relationship to autophagy induction is not known.
Some NMD substrates have been shown to produce functional proteins in yeast and mammalian cells [ 19, 20].
Some of these new substrates have been validated in vivo [30].
