Experiments performed using these substrates have provided unique insights into the roles of cell-substratum adhesion, cell shape, and ECM composition on important cell functions, including survival, migration, neurite outgrowth, and development of polarity.
Reactions of vaccinia topoisomerase and the tyrosine site-specific recombinase Flp with methylphosphonate (MeP) substituted DNA substrates, have provided important insights into the electrostatic features of the strand cleavage and strand joining steps catalyzed by them.
Crystal structures of EPKs bound to peptide substrates have provided insights into substrate recognition and specificity [ 11, 12].
Several crystal structures of AlkB and homologues bound to alkyl substrates have provided detailed information on their substrate recognition and repair specificity.
The thorough knowledge gained during the past five decades on insects' sensory-motor abilities and the neuronal substrates involved has provided us with a rich source of inspiration for designing tomorrow's self-guided vehicles and micro-vehicles, which will be able to cope with unforeseen events on the ground, under water, in the air, in space, on other planets, and inside the human body.
The skin-substrate interaction has provided a well tunable basis for the design of better catalysts.
To probe the collective cell migration and morphogenesis, 2D cell patterning and substrate engineering has provided much insights.
Though the in vivo relevance of Ste20p phosphorylation and the coordination of the phosphorylation of Bni1p and Bud6p in the regulation of polarized growth remain to be determined, our predictive approach to substrate identification has provided a framework for further investigation.
The progress in our knowledge on all members of this protein family, functions, 3D structures, substrates, and physiological roles, has provided opportunities to develop new therapeutic approaches for different disorders.
