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(F ) Global increases and decreases in relative levels of predicted NMD substrates generated by differential splicing.
Also, myocardial tissue amino acids significantly decrease, indicating myocardial energy depletion due to a lack of substrates generated by autophagy.
However, it is largely unclear whether substrates generated by autophagy necessarily contribute with the same metabolic value to cellular metabolism.
Up/down arrows, percentages of predicted NMD substrates generated by alternative splicing exhibiting increases/decreases of ≥10% in isoform ratios in DUX4 -expressing vs control cells.
(D ) Isoform ratios of predicted NMD substrates generated by cassette exon alternative splicing in control and DUX4 -expressing myoblasts (54-1 cells).
To date, many biochemical studies addressing the biogenesis of TA proteins at the ER membrane have relied upon substrates generated by in vitro translation using cell lysates that contain essential cytosolic factors (see [ 7]).
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We first estimated the strain distribution of the plastic film substrate generated by the formation of the curved surface from the planar sheet.
Previous observations made by Buijs et al. (2015) regarding the existence of competing pathways for the fatty aldehyde substrate, generated by the heterologously expressed FAR enzyme from fatty acyl-ACP, support our results on elevated free fatty acid and triglyceride content of the TDR transformant.
To facilitate quantitative analysis, we modified the recombinant system to contain radiolabeled substrate generated by in vitro translation .
In a previous study [ 8], we evolved a strain of S. cerevisiae, R57, through genome shuffling that is capable of survival, growth and ethanol productivity in hardwood spent sulphite liquor (HWSSL), a highly inhibitory lignocellulosic substrate generated by the acid bisulphite pulping process [ 20, 21], to levels of tolerance previously unreported.
The mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) is a pathway for vital energy generation in which ATP is generated as a form of energy by the substrates generated from glycolysis and β-oxidation.
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