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These are substrates for several enzymes involved in the synthesis of final oxylipins, which can act as signal molecules and/or direct antimicrobials.
Consequently, some compounds are substrates for several ABC transporters (e.g. doxorubicin or etoposide, which are transported by ABCB1, ABCC1 as well as ABCG2 [10]).
First, the functional role of Indy/CeNAC2 is to import citrate as well as several dicarboxylates into the cytosol as substrates for several metabolic processes [ 8].
However, altered metabolism is known to induce epigenetic changes and metabolites from the citric acid cycle such as α-ketoglutarate are used as substrates for several of the enzymes known to catalyze methylation reactions.
When analyzed in ScanProsite, multiple putative phosphorylation sites were revealed in OsCNGC protein sequences, which may act as substrates for several kinases in the form of casein kinase II, protein kinase C, tyrosine kinase and cAMP/cGMP kinases [ 46].
However, PPARs are substrates for several kinases, including cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), which can phosphorylate all isoforms and enhance PPAR activity both in the absence and presence of ligands [13].
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Vimentin is also a well-known substrate for several kinases.
Glutamine is an important substrate for several cellular processes.
Also, if 4E-BP is a substrate for several protein kinases, like MAPK14/P38α, the contribution of LRRK2 phosphorylation may not be sufficient to discriminate 4E-BP basal phosphorylation or it may require a specific stimulus.
Vimentin contains a highly complex phosphorylation pattern involving a multitude of kinase-specific sites and has been recognized as a substrate for several kinases, including Rho kinase, protein kinase C (PKC), cGMP kinase, Yes kinase, Raf-1 kinase, PAK kinase, and Aurora B kinase [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73].
Furthermore, THOC5 is a substrate for several oncogenic tyrosine kinases, suggesting that THOC5 may be involved in cancer development.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com