Agro-industrial wastes are considered as the most promising substrates for low-cost bio-surfactant production and can alleviate many processing industrial waste management problems.
Additionally, it has been demonstrated that exogenous sucrose, at low concentrations, serves as a substrate for low temperature-induced metabolic alterations, while at higher concentrations it has a direct cryoprotective effect on cellular membranes [ 41].
Novel structured adsorbents in the form of thin zeolite films grown on substrates designed for low pressure drop have a great potential to improve pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes.
Metal substrates, with good mechanical properties and high thermal conductivity, seem to be the most promising substrate for low-cost, flexible, and arbitrary shaped emitters.
The proposed antenna was fabricated with a thin copper layer printed on a thin lossy PET substrate for low-cost production.
TENGs with a single-electrode-based structure were fabricated with atomically thin graphene (<1 nm), polydimethylsiloxane (<1.5 µm) and polyethylene terephthalate (<0.9 µm) as the electrode, electrification layer and substrate, respectively, for low flexural rigidity.
Oil was extracted from Parinari glaberrimum seed kernels and the purified TAGs used as a substrate for detecting low levels of lipase activities.
Another possibility is the use of a batch process, especially for substrates with low water contents, for example in a garage type fermenter (Li et al. 2011; Nizami and Murphy 2010).
The adhesion was found to depend on the substrate bias as well as on the target power and, for low substrate bias, on the duration of the pretreatment.
These novel findings will lead the way to a new path of biosensor design for low substrate concentrations with enhanced characteristics.
