Thin hydrogel films attached to a rigid substrate can only swell along the direction perpendicular to the substrate, which generates compressive stress within the gel.
Direct tunnelling of electrons from the tip to the Si substrate can only take place in the initial stages of oxide formation through few oxide monolayers.
As a result, the substrate can only be used as a reliable platform for quantitative analysis of RB at low concentrations.
Therefore, a better understanding of protease action and their repertoires of physiological substrates can not only provide an important insight into their mechanisms of action but also open a path toward novel drug design.
Moreover, the lithographic SERS substrates can provide only a moderate enhancement as compared with some random assemblies [40].
An important characteristic of the nitrogenase reaction is that substrates can bind only to forms of the MoFe-protein reduced by two or three electrons relative to the "as-isolated" form, which can be efficiently generated only in the presence of the reduced Fe-protein and ATP.
This algorithm assumes that a substrate node can only be used by a single request which can lead to under-utilization of the cores of the substrate nodes.
Long-timescale processes, such as substrate binding, can only be accomplished through MM (molecular mechanics) methods, whereas electron transfer requires QM (quantum mechanics -based mechanics -based Qmethods27].
The effect of MccB17 on the DNA cleavage reaction in vitro is topology dependent: under supercoiling conditions, with relaxed DNA as substrate, MccB17 can only weakly stabilise the cleavage complex in the absence of ATP, but in its presence, cleavage is more efficiently stabilised.
The extruded cells produce floating trails in the medium or attach to the main body of the aggregate (Fig. 7B and Fig. 8C′) and, when they attach, they maintain expression of Tbx6, suggesting that continuing Tbx6 expression requires some substrate that can only be provided by other cells.
