Thus, direct fabricating AAO onto rigid substrates become a more convenient and important technique to prepare vertical nanostructures.
Overall, the hairpin substrates become a double-stranded product with the help of a catalyst strand, just as nucleoside triphosphate hairpins become double-stranded DNA with the help of a polymerase catalyst.
When the released group is the conjugate base of a very strong acid, the caged substrate becomes a "caged proton source" that permits the spatial and temporal control of rapid change in pH.
With today's technology downscaling, the coupling through the substrate becomes an important limiting factor for the performance of mixed-mode high-frequency integrated circuits, filters, convertors, transmission lines and even single MOSFETs.
Because of difficulties in metal cutting, silicon substrate becomes an alternative to replace sapphire substrate as well [13 15].
However, when longer chains, such as tetramers, are used as substrates, branching becomes a more prevalent modification.
As a result, the substrate condition becomes a vulnerable factor influencing the poor bonding and causing the early distress in bonded concrete overlay.
But the subsequent H2 production from the unwashed substrates became slow and showed a similar trend to that of the washed substrates.
The carrier is assumed to be a proton; all other substrates become primary substrates (for example, 'amino acid transport system carrier protein' implies a proton carrier and 'amino acid' as the one primary substrate).
One of the two oxygen atoms of the carboxylic group of the substrate becomes involved with a water molecule by hydrogen bonding with the flavin N-5, as well as the amino group of the side chain of Lys326.
