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One of them is the achievement of a high-focusing quality so as to reduce stray lights from substrates because of the small grazing incident angles.
Nanostructures, on the other hand, are much easier to grow on glass or metal substrates because of their small lateral size.
However, they are not suitable for the pattern reduction of large-scale substrates, because of their weak oxidizing power or non-uniform reactivity [19, 20].
Al2O3 ( 11 2 ― 0 ) wafers were used as substrates because of the larger critical thickness for ZnO layer-by-layer growth [19].
Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been widely used as Raman active substrates because of their good biocompatibility and strong SERS enhancement [13 18].
In contrast, on thin substrates, because of the good coupling to the guiding modes of the gain NW, Γwg of hybrid modes increases as rGaN increases.
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A silicone material was chosen as substrate because of its low stiffness and high elongation before break.
The resulting samples were well adhered to the substrate because of the presence of silicon containing species as a "glue".
However, the above mechanism was hardly accepted in the case of the HOPG substrate because of the lack of assistance from TIP in the observed energy range.
The wettability of the Sn-Au-Ag(Ni) solders on Ni substrate is better than that on Cu substrate because of the severe interfacial reaction on Cu substrate.
The oxide, furthermore, exhibits high adhesion to the substrate because of an oxygen-rich diffusion hardened zone (DHZ) interposing between the oxide and the substrate.
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