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NAD+ is a substrate for nuclear sirtuins, especially for SIRT1 and SIRT6, which deacetylate histones and transcription factors, e.g. those regulating ribosome synthesis and circadian clocks.
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We wondered whether nuclear SSU precursors which incorporated rpS5-ΔC represented a substrate for the nuclear export machinery.
We used a prototypical protein substrate for carrier mediated nuclear import, composed by a 27-kD-GFP moiety fused to the functional NLS of SV40 (sequence: YPKKKRKVEDP, Fig. 1A).
The identification of GATA4 as a nuclear substrate for caspase-1 suggests a direct role for this caspase in transcriptional regulation.
Ladurner (2009) pointed out that Wellen et al. (2009) showed how mitochondrially generated citrate can serve as a substrate for the production of nuclear acetyl Co-A.
OPG is typically thought to inhibit atherosclerosis by acting as a decoy substrate for receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand; however, in inflamed tissues, OPG enhanced MMP activity in vascular smooth muscle cells, which is important in atherosclerosis because MMPs degrade the matrix in atherosclerotic plaques (40).
These substrates might be pro-ligands for nuclear receptors that regulate the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in cholesterol homeostasis.
Finally, the observed decrease in CA1 nuclear pPKCα657, another substrate for PHLPP1, supported our conclusion that the level of nuclear PHLPP1 is important in the regulation of target nuclear substrates.
It is speculated that CSE re-localizes to the nucleus to increase cysteine levels, a needed substrate to produce glutathione, when the demand for nuclear glutathione is increased [58, 59].
Keap1 contains a Kelch motif for recognition of substrate Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2) transcription factor that plays an important role in the oxidative stress response [ 65].
Accordingly, the re-uptake of norepinephrine and the uptake of amine substrates such as dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) have been exploited for nuclear medicine radiotracer development.
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