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Left, the substrate density directly contacting the proteolytically active Thr1 in subunit β2.
Right, a long substrate density at the seam between two β4 subunits inside the CP.
b, The overall ATPase ring density of state EB (left) and a close-up view of the substrate density (right).
c, The overall ATPase ring density of states EC1,2 (left) and a close-up view of the substrate density (right).
d, The overall ATPase ring density of states ED1,2 (left) and a close-up view of the substrate density (right).
A total of 16 oak-dependent saproxylic species, out of 35, showed a clear relationship with substrate density at scales ranging from 52 m to ⩾5200 m.
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Extended Data Fig. 6 Substrate densities in different states.
a, Close-up views of two typical substrate densities observed in the CP chamber in state EA.
Of the few studies that have quantified seating forces with similar press-fit values (0 mm to 2 mm) and substrate densities (0.2 g/cm and 0.5 g/cm), four have reported a range between 1.5 kN and 5 kN with a variety of uncemented implants that included purely hemispherical as well as peripherally enhanced designs.
The biotransformation stage was optimized by evaluating substrate concentration, cell density, and different operational modes.
The effects of anode material, current density, substrate concentration and base concentration on the two competing reactions have been investigated.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com