Sentence examples for substitution variation from inspiring English sources

Analysis of the differences which define pHaps (genes) within a gene family indicate that single substitutions account for most of the substitution variation observed (90%).

However, the correlation between α and Ne might be misleading because α depends on the rate of effectively neutral and advantageous substitution, variation in either of which could be caused by Ne (Gossmann et al. 2010), that is, α = Dadaptive/(Dadaptive + Dnonadaptive) where Dadaptive and Dnonadaptive are the rates of adaptive and nonadaptive substitutions, respectively.

Yet, our analysis of dn/ds ratios using a sliding window program, which revealed substitution variations in these genes in detail, did not quite support minimized natural selection throughout the Tetrahymena Mt genome.

To investigate the divergence time and evolution rate of Tricyrtis, Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analyses were performed by calculating the mean branch lengths of evolutionary paths based on base substitution variations between rps16 intron nucleotide sequences from the 18 known species.

These include methods for amino acid substitution (missense variation) tolerance, point variation effects on protein stability and variations related to mRNA splicing.

Chemical alternatives assessment (CAA) provides a hazard-focused approach to distinguishing between possible substitutions; variations on this process are used by several government and numerous corporate entities.

An alternative explanation is that substitution rate variation is driven by variation in p-endosymbiont population size (i.e., smaller populations evolve faster than larger ones due to genetic drift).

However, very little is known about the extent of substitution rate variation and the factors contributing to this variation, so the rates currently used are generally considered rough estimators of actual rates.

Furthermore, to avoid that nucleotide substitution rate variation and specifically S → W nucleotide substitution rate variation are caused by hypermutability of CpG dinucleotides and thus affected by the local CpG content and DNA methylation level, changes of the type CpG → CpA/TpG are considered separately.

Mutant LOC26010 (SPATS2L) gene with SNP substitution, allelic variation: A/G (rs2881745) was shown to be associated with arthritis in humans [ 31].

Biased gene conversion is believed to be a significant source of biases in substitution, and variation in biased gene conversion effects appears to be partially responsible for variation in substitution patterns across the mammalian phylogeny (Hwang and Green, 2004).