The experimental design comprises a wide variety of situations with different returns-to-scale regimes, substitution elasticities and outlying observations.
We use system innovation theory to help explain how niche substitution led to a regime change within a Thai aquaculture industry trying to maintain international competitiveness but under pressures from a global landscape in which consumers are increasingly concerned with health and ecological sustainability.
The apparently weak link between moisture regime and substitution rate in this study may be due to a lack of causal relationship.
Increased nucleotide substitution rates, altered selective regimes, and increased structural variation have the potential to lead to rapid local co-evolution of these genomes, leading to an increased likelihood for cytonuclear genetic incompatibilities when crossing between populations.
Figure 4 also shows calculations of the ratios of non-synonymous substitutions (Ka) to synonymous substitutions (Ks) according to treatment regime.
The substitution of one centralized imperial regime for another meant that the cursus publicus could be incorporated into a similar Arabian postal system based in Baghdad.
The impacts on bird feeding habitat can be mitigated by the provision of new intertidal areas/lagoons which provide feeding grounds during the high water period landward of the barrage, and through the use of a dual cycle generation regime or the substitution of the barrage by a tidal fence.
These 28 elements may have taken on a novel regulatory role in one lineage but not the other, causing changes in their function with a novel selective regime and, therefore, substitution rate.
Sites under moderate selection (f ≳ σ ˜ ) are still partially degraded by interference, and the negative component of fitness flux (i.e., the contribution from deleterious substitutions) is peaked in this regime (see Figure S4 in File S1).
Treatment regimes based on opiate substitution (eg, with methadone and buprenorphine) have strong scientific evidence of effectiveness.
