Most cryptograms or cryptoquotes are basic substitution ciphers, meaning that the letters of the alphabet are being represented by other letters.
The main problems involved in substituting charcoal for top charged coke in blast furnaces are missing physical-mechanical properties (friability, density, and crushing strength) and the too high reactivity of charcoal, meaning substitution is only possible in mini blast furnaces.
Some base substitutions are "silent," meaning that they result in a new codon that codes for the same amino acid as the wild type codon at that position or a codon that codes for a different amino acid that happens to have the same properties as those in the wild type.
In many types of materials, point defects consist in atomic substitutions or vacancies, meaning that the nature of the atoms occupying one or several crystallographic sites is changed, while preserving the crystallographic positions and hence the overall (average) periodicity of the system.
Based on the protein sequences alignment, 79 aminoacid substitutions were detected meaning 78.3% of SNPs are nonsynonymous.
The functionality matrix for those CNSs going undetectable because of base substitutions was 1.8, meaning that only 34% of CNSs in this category lost function, 66% of them still functioned even though they were undetectable.
As expected, redundant gene pairs had lower synonymous substitution rates on average, meaning that redundant gene pairs tended to be younger duplicates (Additional File 4).
