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Now, I've told you about the language we're implementing, the pattern match substitution language.
The B-method is a formal method that uses concepts of first-order logic, set theory, integer arithmetic, and contracts defined by a generalized substitution language (GSL [21]) to specify abstract state machines that represent a software behavior.
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This paper presents a notion of intersection and union type assignment for the calculus X, a substitution free language that can be used to describe the behaviour of functional programming languages at a very low level of granularity, and has first been defined in [Stéphane Lengrand. Call-by-value, call-by-name, and strong normalization for the classical sequent calculus.
In rare cases when the student, the student's adviser, and the Director of Graduate Studies all agree that the substitution of another language is reasonable, appropriate, and academically sound, some other language may be used in place of French or German.
Any substitution of another language must be approved by the Director of Graduate Studies.
However, I do accept that the negotiating history indicates that the words at the end of OP4 "and shall be reported to the Council for assessment in accordance with paragraphs 11 and 12" were added at a late stage, but in substitution for other language which would clearly have had the effect of making any finding of further material breach subject to a further Council decision.
In this case errors consist of substitutions with competing language model paths.
Students may request substitution of another appropriate language (e.g., Persian or Arabic) for the core language requirement, and they are encouraged to pursue intensive language study through courses or work abroad.
The Director of Graduate Studies may approve the substitution of another European language for French or German.
Roman libraries had separate collections of Greek and Latin books; but except for the substitution of the Latin language for Greek, a Roman papyrus roll closely resembled a Greek one in content, and there was much imitation.
1971 David J. Lewis, "Closure of Classes of Formal Languages under Substitution Operators".
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