Import-substitution items were the focus of this industry from the 1950s to the '80s, including textiles, leather, paper, tires, tobacco, light engineering products, radios, television sets, washing machines, and automobiles.
*** NA: Not applicable to single-item scales **** Scores were recomputed after the substitution of items described in the text.
A portion of unmet demand for both items is assumed to be lost and each substituted item incurs a cost of substitution.
Each substituted item incurs a cost of substitution and the demands and deterioration is considered to be deterministic and constant.
JRM studies assume that there is no substitution between items.
*Scores were recomputed after the substitution of items described in the text.
Substitution of items in the 'Near Vision' and 'Distance Vision' subscales (described above) did not affect the reliability of those subscales.
Examples of these adaptations included replacement of items/terminology unfamiliar to South Africans, simplifications of test instructions, and substitution of items to ensure equivalent difficulty levels in Afrikaans and English.
* Visual acuity (logMAR) while wearing usual correction, in all subjects in Sample 1 ** Visual field testing with the Humphrey Field Analyzer 30-2 (only glaucoma, n = 69) *** Scores were recomputed after the substitution of items described in the text.
Substitution and partial fulfillment options are presented in formulations to allow bidders with fewer inventories to offer substitute item types and partial bids in auctions.
Amazon is offering refunds as well as substitutions for items which are not in stock and a huge list of 130,000 products – something the main operators do not currently match.
