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They include a counterfeit product, a product substitution issue coupled with manufacturing problems, failure to meet product specifications, contamination, delivering device failure and more.
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18This is perhaps due to the income effect being stronger than the substitution effect, although empirically this remains an unresolved issue.
Does the substitution matter?
"Pork substitution was an issue in products across the price spectrum being sold at a wide variety of retailers," according to the company that undertook the report.
The issue of substitution is also closely tied to naming because if doctors prescribe biologics by a unique identifier, rather than the currently used INN, substitution of a biosimilar product when dispensed by a pharmacist would likely occur much less often.
We used a sensitivity analysis with generic substitution to address this issue and we found that drug cost has an impact on our results but did not affect the final cost-effectiveness profile of the triple single-pill combination over the dual combinations.
The reasons why there is conflict and difficulty in resolution of the avian tree of life may be attributed to general issues such as taxon sampling, number of genes (size of data set), compositional bias, substitution saturation, and alignment issues (see Hernandez-Lopez et al. 2013; Kimball et al. 2013).
The increasingly vexed issue of substitutions also needs a degree of reappraisal, at least until England's bench pick up the baton with a greater flourish.
"Everybody thinks generics are swell: To suggest otherwise is like saying you don't love your mother," said Dr. Peter R. Kowey, chief of cardiovascular diseases at the Philadelphia area's Main Line Health System, who reviewed the issue of generic substitution of certain heart drugs for the American Heart Assn.
A much debated issue is the substitution of the GP by a nurse.
Another controversial issue is the substitution of carboplatin for cisplatin and it could be argued our decision to use carboplatin instead of cisplatin.
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